Maryam Karimi; kourosh qaderi; Majid Rahimpour; Mohamad Mehdi Ahmadi
Abstract
Introduction Local scour around piers and bridge abutments is one of the reasons for instability and destruction of the bridges. Local scour of a bridge foundation is almost inevitable as far as rivers are concerned. There are generally three types of scours that affect the performance and safety ...
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Introduction Local scour around piers and bridge abutments is one of the reasons for instability and destruction of the bridges. Local scour of a bridge foundation is almost inevitable as far as rivers are concerned. There are generally three types of scours that affect the performance and safety of bridges: local scour, contraction scour, and degradational scour. During the last decades, different arrangements were proposed to protect bridges against local scour. The arrangements for local scour at bridge piers can be grouped in two categories: armoring devices and flow-altering devices. Flow altering devices that have been used to protect piers against local scour include protecting piles placed upstream of the pier, Iowa vanes, and flow deflectors attached to the pier, such as collars. This study addresses the effectiveness of collars on scouring reduction around abutments and pier bridges. Despite the availability of various studies about the effects of collar on scour at bridge pier and abutment (such as Laursen & Toch., 1956; Mashahir & Zarrati., 2002; Kayaturk, 2005 and Khozeymehnezhad et al., 2014), and due to importance of bridges structures, further laboratory investigations are needed to explain the different aspects of collars interactions with abutment and piers scouring phenomena. So the purpose of this study was to study the effects of different sizes of collars on a rectangular abutment and their location to the surface of the sedimentary abutment on bridge group piers scour reduction at the presence of debris. Methodology The experimental tests of this research were carried out at the Hydraulic and Water Structures laboratory of department of water engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, on a laboratory flume with 8 m (length), 80 cm (width) and 60 cm (height), having glass walls and metal bottom. All experiments conducted in uniform flow with clear water, rectangular abutment and debris, rectangular collar and cylindrical piers, with non-cohesive particles of sediment with d50=0.91 and Q=51 L/s. The piers model used in the experimental test were steel cylindrical tubes with an effective diameter of three cm and a rectangular abutment in the form of (12×6 cm) made from galvanized sheet; debris model was rectangular shape, 19×7 cm dimensions. The arranangment of piers positions of were in the (2×2) piers group and debris was located on the front piers with a relative depth of 0.3.The dimensions of collars were considered to be 1.5-3 times the length of the abutment, and the experiments were designed in five different submergence ratios for each collar.Experiments on scour were in straight channel. Initially the bed surface was leveled, then inlet valve was opened slowly until discharge of water came to predetermined value so that no scour occurs at the mobile reaches of flume.The effects of four different size of collar in five different submerged ratios on protection of local scour around abutment and piers group with rectangular debris were investigated. Results and Discussion The results of the experiments were presented in two groups: without collars and in the presence of collars. To investigate the process of scoure in presence protective measure, at fierst it needed a series of experiments without any collar on the front piers and bridge abutment. The results indicated that collars caused decrease in the scour hole in all ranges of the present experiment and different submerged ratios.With increasing in dimensions of collar, in all submerged ratios of collar location, corresponding protective capacity of the collars improved leading to reducing the scour depth. Comparison of results indicated that the collar with dimension of 1.5 times the length of the abutment, had the lowest percentage reduction and the collar with dimension of 3 times the length of the abutment had the most percentage of scour reduction, 15% and 75% respectively.Also comparison of the effects of installation height of collars showed that collar reduced the local scour depth around the bridge piers and abutments. Results also indicated that collars installed under the riverbed had more influence on scour reduction than that installed upper riverbed, and collar exactly installed on riverbed had higher effect on scour reduction (nearly 75%). Conclusions In this research, scour around cylindrical piers and rectangular abutment and the effects of the collar dimension and different installation height on the scour protective effects were investigated by laboratory tests. Experimental investigations regarding local scour using collars on cylindrical piers and abutment in presence of debris were carried out. The protective efficiency of collars with different parameters, including collar installation height and collar dimension (size), were investigated and discussed.
elnaz eghlidi; Gholam-Abbas Barani; kourosh qaderi
Abstract
Stepped spillways and stilling basins are the most important energy dissipation structures. Even though most part of energy would be dissipated by these two structure, the remaining part of energy of flow may be capable to grave the bed scour and to create the scour hole downstream of them. Structures ...
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Stepped spillways and stilling basins are the most important energy dissipation structures. Even though most part of energy would be dissipated by these two structure, the remaining part of energy of flow may be capable to grave the bed scour and to create the scour hole downstream of them. Structures could be destroyed if this part of energy is high. In this study, the effects of stilling basin slopes on bed scour at downstream of stepped spillway were investigated experimentally. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory of hydraulic structures at University of Kerman with six different discharges and five various stilling basin slopes. The following parameters were measured: maximum scour depth (ds), flow velocity (in three point), water depth in upstream and downstream stepped spillway and stilling basin, the distance from where the maximum scour depth happened to sill (Ls), and the geometry of scour hole. Results showed 47 percent increase and 52.2 percent decrease in average of maximum relative scour depth when stilling basin slopes were 0.02 and -0.02, respectively. Also, it was shown that the distance between the point where maximum scour depth had happened to the end of stilling basin increased when Froude number increased and decreased when stilling basin slope decreased.
Mohamad Reza Madadi; Majid Rahimpour; Kourosh Qaderi
Abstract
Reservoir sedimentation is always known as a serious problem for sustainable use of reservoirs and the main factor of reservoirs storage loss. One of the most common engineering techniques for preserving the reservoirs storage capacity is the periodical desilting of reservoirs by hydraulic flushing. ...
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Reservoir sedimentation is always known as a serious problem for sustainable use of reservoirs and the main factor of reservoirs storage loss. One of the most common engineering techniques for preserving the reservoirs storage capacity is the periodical desilting of reservoirs by hydraulic flushing. Review of the literature shows that the pressurized flushing operation is currently accomplished with low efficiency. In this paper, the effect of PBC structure on the sediment removal efficiency during pressurized flushing operation was experimentally investigated. In this way, PBC structure with four relative length and four relative diameters were used in the reservoir. Non-cohesive sand particles with D50=0.36 mm were used as the deposited sediments in the reservoir. The results showed that by using the PBC structure with LPBC/Doutlet = 5.26andDPBC/Doutlet = 1.32, the flushing efficiency became 4.57 times more than that of reference test. By increasing the relative length of PBC structure, the maximum relative length and width of flushing cone increased, respectively, compared to the reference test while the variation of the maximum relative depth was negligible. In addition, all the geometric parameters of flushing cone hadtheir maximum values atDPBC/Doutlet = 1.32.
